ImageData.cpp

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#include "ImageData.h"
#include "Image.h"
#include "filesystem/FileData.h"
#include "filesystem/Filesystem.h"
#include "medialoader/image/pixelformat.h"
 
#include "common/Assert.h"
#include "common/Exception.h"
 
#include <algorithm>  // min/max
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>    // memcpy
#include <limits>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
using namespace medialoader;
 
namespace eve {
namespace image {
 
ImageData::ImageData(Data *data) : Resource(""), decodeHandler(nullptr) { decode(data); }
 
ImageData::ImageData(int width, int height, std::string format) : Resource(""), width(width), height(height), format(format), decodeHandler(nullptr) {
    if (!validPixelFormat(format)) throw eve::Exception("Unsupported pixel format for ImageData");
 
    create(width, height, format);
 
    // Set to black/transparency.
    memset(data, 0, getSize());
}
 
ImageData::ImageData(int width, int height, std::string format, void *data, bool own)
    : Resource(""), width(width), height(height), format(format), decodeHandler(nullptr)
{
    if (!validPixelFormat(format)) throw eve::Exception("Unsupported pixel format for ImageData");
 
    if (own)
        this->data = (unsigned char *)data;
    else
        create(width, height, format, data);
}
 
ImageData::ImageData(const ImageData &c) : Resource(c.getUri()), decodeHandler(nullptr) {
    width  = c.width;   
    height = c.height;
    format = c.format;
 
    create(width, height, format, c.getData());
}
 
ImageData::~ImageData() {
    if (decodeHandler)
        decodeHandler->freeRawPixels(data);
    else
        delete[] data;
}
 
void ImageData::adopt(eve::Resource &replacement) {
    auto &other = static_cast<ImageData &>(replacement);
    std::swap(data, other.data);
    std::swap(width, other.width);
    std::swap(height, other.height);
    std::swap(format, other.format);
    std::swap(decodeHandler, other.decodeHandler);
    std::swap(pixelSetFunction, other.pixelSetFunction);
    std::swap(pixelGetFunction, other.pixelGetFunction);
}
 
eve::image::ImageData *ImageData::clone() const {
    try {
        return new ImageData(*this);
    } catch (std::bad_alloc &) {
        throw eve::Exception("Out of memory");
    }
}
 
void ImageData::create(int width, int height, std::string format, void *data) {
    size_t datasize = width * height * getPixelFormatSize(getPixelFormatFromName(format));
 
    try {
        this->data = new unsigned char[datasize];
    } catch (std::bad_alloc &) {
        throw eve::Exception("Out of memory");
    }
 
    if (data) memcpy(this->data, data, datasize);
 
    decodeHandler = nullptr;
    this->format  = format;
 
    pixelSetFunction = getPixelSetFunction(format);
    pixelGetFunction = getPixelGetFunction(format);
}
 
void ImageData::decode(Data *data) {
    FormatHandler              *decoder = nullptr;
    FormatHandler::DecodedImage decodedimage;
 
    auto module = Image::create();
 
    if (module == nullptr) throw eve::Exception("eve.image must be loaded in order to decode an ImageData.");
 
    for (FormatHandler *handler : module->getFormatHandlers()) {
        if (handler->canDecode((const char*)data->getData(), data->getSize())) {
            decoder = handler;
            break;
        }
    }
 
    if (decoder) decodedimage = decoder->decode((const char*)data->getData(), data->getSize());
 
    if (decodedimage.data == nullptr) {
        auto filedata = dynamic_cast<filesystem::FileData *>(data);
 
        if (filedata != nullptr) {
            const std::string &name = filedata->getFilename();
            throw eve::Exception("Could not decode file '%s' to ImageData: unsupported file format", name.c_str());
        } else
            throw eve::Exception("Could not decode data to ImageData: unsupported encoded format");
    }
 
    if (decodedimage.size != decodedimage.width * decodedimage.height * getPixelFormatSize(decodedimage.format)) {
        decoder->freeRawPixels(decodedimage.data);
        throw eve::Exception("Could not convert image!");
    }
 
    // Clean up any old data.
    if (decodeHandler)
        decodeHandler->freeRawPixels(this->data);
    else
        delete[] this->data;
 
    this->width  = decodedimage.width;
    this->height = decodedimage.height;
    this->data   = decodedimage.data;
    // PixelFormat enum must not be assigned into std::string (that becomes a single char).
    this->format = [pf = decodedimage.format]() -> std::string {
        switch (pf) {
            case PIXELFORMAT_R8: return "R8";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RG8: return "RG8";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8:
            case PIXELFORMAT_sRGBA8: return "RGBA8";
            case PIXELFORMAT_R16: return "R16";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RG16: return "RG16";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGBA16: return "RGBA16";
            case PIXELFORMAT_R16F: return "R16F";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RG16F: return "RG16F";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGBA16F: return "RGBA16F";
            case PIXELFORMAT_R32F: return "R32F";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RG32F: return "RG32F";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGBA32F: return "RGBA32F";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGBA4: return "RGBA4";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGB5A1: return "RGB5A1";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGB565: return "RGB565";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RGB10A2: return "RGB10A2";
            case PIXELFORMAT_RG11B10F: return "RG11B10F";
            default: return "RGBA8";
        }
    }();
 
    decodeHandler = decoder;
 
    pixelSetFunction = getPixelSetFunction(format);
    pixelGetFunction = getPixelGetFunction(format);
}
 
eve::filesystem::FileData *ImageData::encode(FormatHandler::EncodedFormat encodedFormat, const char *filename,
                                             bool writefile) const {
    EV_PARAM_CHECK(filename != nullptr, "output filename must not be null");
 
    FormatHandler              *encoder = nullptr;
    FormatHandler::EncodedImage encodedimage;
    FormatHandler::DecodedImage rawimage;
 
    rawimage.width  = width;
    rawimage.height = height;
    rawimage.size   = getSize();
    rawimage.data   = data;
    rawimage.format = getPixelFormatFromName(format);
 
    auto module = Image::create();
 
    if (module == nullptr) throw eve::Exception("eve.image must be loaded in order to encode an ImageData.");
 
    for (FormatHandler *handler : module->getFormatHandlers()) {
        if (handler->canEncode(getPixelFormatFromName(format), encodedFormat)) {
            encoder = handler;
            break;
        }
    }
 
    if (encoder != nullptr) {
        encodedimage = encoder->encode(rawimage, encodedFormat);
    }
 
    if (encoder == nullptr || encodedimage.data == nullptr) {
        throw eve::Exception("No suitable image encoder for %s format.", format.c_str());
    }
 
    eve::filesystem::FileData *filedata = nullptr;
 
    try {
        filedata = new eve::filesystem::FileData(filename, encodedimage.size);
    } catch (eve::Exception &) {
        encoder->freeRawPixels(encodedimage.data);
        throw;
    }
 
    memcpy(filedata->getData(), encodedimage.data, encodedimage.size);
    encoder->freeRawPixels(encodedimage.data);
 
    if (writefile) {
        auto fs = eve::filesystem::Filesystem::create();
 
        if (fs == nullptr) {
            // filedata->release();
            throw eve::Exception("eve.filesystem must be loaded in order to write an encoded ImageData to a file.");
        }
 
        try {
            fs->write(filename, filedata->getData(), filedata->getSize());
        } catch (eve::Exception &) {
            // filedata->release();
            throw;
        }
    }
 
    return filedata;
}
 
size_t ImageData::getSize() const { return size_t(getWidth() * getHeight()) * getPixelSize(); }
 
void *ImageData::getData() const { return data; }
 
bool ImageData::isSRGB() const { return false; }
 
bool ImageData::inside(int x, int y) const { return x >= 0 && x < getWidth() && y >= 0 && y < getHeight(); }
 
int ImageData::getWidth() const { return width; }
 
int ImageData::getHeight() const { return height; }
 
std::string ImageData::getFormat() const { return format; }
 
static float clamp01(float x) { return std::min(std::max(x, 0.0f), 1.0f); }
 
static void setPixelR8(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) { p->rgba8[0] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 255.0f + 0.5f); }
 
static void setPixelRG8(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba8[0] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba8[1] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void setPixelRGBA8(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba8[0] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba8[1] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba8[2] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(c.b) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba8[3] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(c.a) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void setPixelR16(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba16[0] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void setPixelRG16(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba16[0] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba16[1] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void setPixelRGBA16(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba16[0] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba16[1] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.b) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba16[2] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
    p->rgba16[3] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.a) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void setPixelR16F(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) { p->rgba16f[0] = float32to16(c.r); }
 
static void setPixelRG16F(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba16f[0] = float32to16(c.r);
    p->rgba16f[1] = float32to16(c.g);
}
 
static void setPixelRGBA16F(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba16f[0] = float32to16(c.r);
    p->rgba16f[1] = float32to16(c.g);
    p->rgba16f[2] = float32to16(c.b);
    p->rgba16f[3] = float32to16(c.a);
}
 
static void setPixelR32F(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) { p->rgba32f[0] = c.r; }
 
static void setPixelRG32F(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba32f[0] = c.r;
    p->rgba32f[1] = c.g;
}
 
static void setPixelRGBA32F(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    p->rgba32f[0] = c.r;
    p->rgba32f[1] = c.g;
    p->rgba32f[2] = c.b;
    p->rgba32f[3] = c.a;
}
 
static void setPixelRGBA4(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    // LSB->MSB: [a, b, g, r]
    uint16_t r    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 0xF + 0.5);
    uint16_t g    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 0xF + 0.5);
    uint16_t b    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.b) * 0xF + 0.5);
    uint16_t a    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.a) * 0xF + 0.5);
    p->packed16 = (r << 12) | (g << 8) | (b << 4) | (a << 0);
}
 
static void setPixelRGB5A1(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    // LSB->MSB: [a, b, g, r]
    uint16_t r    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 0x1F + 0.5);
    uint16_t g    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 0x1F + 0.5);
    uint16_t b    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.b) * 0x1F + 0.5);
    uint16_t a    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.a) * 0x1 + 0.5);
    p->packed16 = (r << 11) | (g << 6) | (b << 1) | (a << 0);
}
 
static void setPixelRGB565(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    // LSB->MSB: [b, g, r]
    uint16_t r    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 0x1F + 0.5);
    uint16_t g    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 0x3F + 0.5);
    uint16_t b    = (uint16_t)(clamp01(c.b) * 0x1F + 0.5);
    p->packed16 = (r << 11) | (g << 5) | (b << 0);
}
 
static void setPixelRGB10A2(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    // LSB->MSB: [r, g, b, a]
    uint32_t r    = (uint32_t)(clamp01(c.r) * 0x3FF + 0.5);
    uint32_t g    = (uint32_t)(clamp01(c.g) * 0x3FF + 0.5);
    uint32_t b    = (uint32_t)(clamp01(c.b) * 0x3FF + 0.5);
    uint32_t a    = (uint32_t)(clamp01(c.a) * 0x3 + 0.5);
    p->packed32 = (r << 0) | (g << 10) | (b << 20) | (a << 30);
}
 
static void setPixelRG11B10F(const Colorf &c, ImageData::Pixel *p) {
    // LSB->MSB: [r, g, b]
    float11 r   = float32to11(c.r);
    float11 g   = float32to11(c.g);
    float10 b   = float32to10(c.b);
    p->packed32 = (r << 0) | (g << 11) | (b << 22);
}
 
static void getPixelR8(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba8[0] / 255.0f;
    c.g = 0.0f;
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRG8(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba8[0] / 255.0f;
    c.g = p->rgba8[1] / 255.0f;
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRGBA8(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba8[0] / 255.0f;
    c.g = p->rgba8[1] / 255.0f;
    c.b = p->rgba8[2] / 255.0f;
    c.a = p->rgba8[3] / 255.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelR16(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba16[0] / 65535.0f;
    c.g = 0.0f;
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRG16(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba16[0] / 65535.0f;
    c.g = p->rgba16[1] / 65535.0f;
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRGBA16(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba16[0] / 65535.0f;
    c.g = p->rgba16[1] / 65535.0f;
    c.b = p->rgba16[2] / 65535.0f;
    c.a = p->rgba16[3] / 65535.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelR16F(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = float16to32(p->rgba16f[0]);
    c.g = 0.0f;
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRG16F(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = float16to32(p->rgba16f[0]);
    c.g = float16to32(p->rgba16f[1]);
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRGBA16F(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = float16to32(p->rgba16f[0]);
    c.g = float16to32(p->rgba16f[1]);
    c.b = float16to32(p->rgba16f[2]);
    c.a = float16to32(p->rgba16f[3]);
}
 
static void getPixelR32F(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba32f[0];
    c.g = 0.0f;
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRG32F(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba32f[0];
    c.g = p->rgba32f[1];
    c.b = 0.0f;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRGBA32F(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    c.r = p->rgba32f[0];
    c.g = p->rgba32f[1];
    c.b = p->rgba32f[2];
    c.a = p->rgba32f[3];
}
 
static void getPixelRGBA4(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    // LSB->MSB: [a, b, g, r]
    c.r = ((p->packed16 >> 12) & 0xF) / (float)0xF;
    c.g = ((p->packed16 >> 8) & 0xF) / (float)0xF;
    c.b = ((p->packed16 >> 4) & 0xF) / (float)0xF;
    c.a = ((p->packed16 >> 0) & 0xF) / (float)0xF;
}
 
static void getPixelRGB5A1(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    // LSB->MSB: [a, b, g, r]
    c.r = ((p->packed16 >> 11) & 0x1F) / (float)0x1F;
    c.g = ((p->packed16 >> 6) & 0x1F) / (float)0x1F;
    c.b = ((p->packed16 >> 1) & 0x1F) / (float)0x1F;
    c.a = ((p->packed16 >> 0) & 0x1) / (float)0x1;
}
 
static void getPixelRGB565(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    // LSB->MSB: [b, g, r]
    c.r = ((p->packed16 >> 11) & 0x1F) / (float)0x1F;
    c.g = ((p->packed16 >> 5) & 0x3F) / (float)0x3F;
    c.b = ((p->packed16 >> 0) & 0x1F) / (float)0x1F;
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
static void getPixelRGB10A2(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    // LSB->MSB: [r, g, b, a]
    c.r = ((p->packed32 >> 0) & 0x3FF) / (float)0x3FF;
    c.g = ((p->packed32 >> 10) & 0x3FF) / (float)0x3FF;
    c.b = ((p->packed32 >> 20) & 0x3FF) / (float)0x3FF;
    c.a = ((p->packed32 >> 30) & 0x3) / (float)0x3;
}
 
static void getPixelRG11B10F(const ImageData::Pixel *p, Colorf &c) {
    // LSB->MSB: [r, g, b]
    c.r = float11to32((float11)((p->packed32 >> 0) & 0x7FF));
    c.g = float11to32((float11)((p->packed32 >> 11) & 0x7FF));
    c.b = float10to32((float10)((p->packed32 >> 22) & 0x3FF));
    c.a = 1.0f;
}
 
void ImageData::setPixel(int x, int y, const Colorf &c) {
    if (!inside(x, y)) throw eve::Exception("Attempt to set out-of-range pixel!");
 
    size_t pixelsize = getPixelSize();
    Pixel *p         = (Pixel *)(data + ((y * width + x) * pixelsize));
 
    if (pixelSetFunction == nullptr) throw eve::Exception("Unhandled pixel format %s in ImageData::setPixel", format.c_str());
 
    pixelSetFunction(c, p);
}
 
void ImageData::getPixel(int x, int y, Colorf &c) const {
    if (!inside(x, y)) throw eve::Exception("Attempt to get out-of-range pixel!");
 
    size_t       pixelsize = getPixelSize();
    const Pixel *p         = (const Pixel *)(data + ((y * width + x) * pixelsize));
 
    if (pixelGetFunction == nullptr) throw eve::Exception("Unhandled pixel format %s in ImageData::getPixel", format.c_str());
 
    pixelGetFunction(p, c);
}
 
Colorf ImageData::getPixel(int x, int y) const {
    Colorf c;
    getPixel(x, y, c);
    return c;
}
 
namespace {
 
enum class RotateFilter {
    Nearest,
    Linear,
    RotSprite,
};
 
RotateFilter parseRotateFilter(const std::string &name) {
    if (name == "nearest" || name == "Nearest" || name == "NEAREST")
        return RotateFilter::Nearest;
    if (name == "linear" || name == "Linear" || name == "LINEAR" ||
        name == "bilinear" || name == "Bilinear" || name == "BILINEAR")
        return RotateFilter::Linear;
    if (name == "rotsprite" || name == "RotSprite" || name == "ROTSPRITE" ||
        name == "rotSprite")
        return RotateFilter::RotSprite;
    throw eve::Exception(
        "Unsupported ImageData rotate filter '%s' (use \"nearest\", \"linear\", or \"rotsprite\")",
        name.c_str());
}
 
void rotatePoint(float dx, float dy, float c, float s, float &ox, float &oy) {
    // Same convention as Math::rotate2X/Y.
    ox = dx * c - dy * s;
    oy = dx * s + dy * c;
}
 
void inverseRotatePoint(float dx, float dy, float c, float s, float &ox, float &oy) {
    // Inverse of Math::rotate2*: apply -angle (cos'=c, sin'=-s).
    ox = dx * c + dy * s;
    oy = -dx * s + dy * c;
}
 
bool colorExact(const Colorf &a, const Colorf &b) {
    return a.r == b.r && a.g == b.g && a.b == b.b && a.a == b.a;
}
 
// RotSprite's modified Scale2x treats "similar" pixels as matches (not only identical).
bool colorSimilar(const Colorf &a, const Colorf &b) {
    const float dr = std::fabs(a.r - b.r);
    const float dg = std::fabs(a.g - b.g);
    const float db = std::fabs(a.b - b.b);
    const float da = std::fabs(a.a - b.a);
    return (dr + dg + db + da) <= (40.f / 255.f);
}
 
float colorDistSq(const Colorf &a, const Colorf &b) {
    const float dr = a.r - b.r;
    const float dg = a.g - b.g;
    const float db = a.b - b.b;
    const float da = a.a - b.a;
    return dr * dr + dg * dg + db * db + da * da;
}
 
Colorf sampleNearest(const ImageData *src, float sx, float sy) {
    const int rx = (int)std::floor(sx + 0.5f);
    const int ry = (int)std::floor(sy + 0.5f);
    if (!src->inside(rx, ry))
        return Colorf{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f};
    return src->getPixel(rx, ry);
}
 
Colorf sampleBilinear(const ImageData *src, float sx, float sy) {
    const int x0 = (int)std::floor(sx);
    const int y0 = (int)std::floor(sy);
    const int x1 = x0 + 1;
    const int y1 = y0 + 1;
    const float fx = sx - (float)x0;
    const float fy = sy - (float)y0;
    const float ifx = 1.f - fx;
    const float ify = 1.f - fy;
 
    auto sampleOrZero = [&](int x, int y) -> Colorf {
        if (!src->inside(x, y))
            return Colorf{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f};
        return src->getPixel(x, y);
    };
 
    const Colorf c00 = sampleOrZero(x0, y0);
    const Colorf c10 = sampleOrZero(x1, y0);
    const Colorf c01 = sampleOrZero(x0, y1);
    const Colorf c11 = sampleOrZero(x1, y1);
 
    const float w00 = ifx * ify;
    const float w10 = fx * ify;
    const float w01 = ifx * fy;
    const float w11 = fx * fy;
 
    Colorf out;
    out.r = w00 * c00.r + w10 * c10.r + w01 * c01.r + w11 * c11.r;
    out.g = w00 * c00.g + w10 * c10.g + w01 * c01.g + w11 * c11.g;
    out.b = w00 * c00.b + w10 * c10.b + w01 * c01.b + w11 * c11.b;
    out.a = w00 * c00.a + w10 * c10.a + w01 * c01.a + w11 * c11.a;
    return out;
}
 
void computeRotatedSize(int srcW, int srcH, float c, float s, bool expand, int &dstW, int &dstH,
                        float &dstCx, float &dstCy) {
    const float srcCx = srcW * 0.5f;
    const float srcCy = srcH * 0.5f;
    if (!expand) {
        dstW = srcW;
        dstH = srcH;
        dstCx = srcCx;
        dstCy = srcCy;
        return;
    }
    const float corners[4][2] = {
        {-srcCx, -srcCy},
        {srcW - srcCx, -srcCy},
        {-srcCx, srcH - srcCy},
        {srcW - srcCx, srcH - srcCy},
    };
    float minX = 0.f, maxX = 0.f, minY = 0.f, maxY = 0.f;
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
        float ox, oy;
        rotatePoint(corners[i][0], corners[i][1], c, s, ox, oy);
        if (i == 0) {
            minX = maxX = ox;
            minY = maxY = oy;
        } else {
            minX = std::min(minX, ox);
            maxX = std::max(maxX, ox);
            minY = std::min(minY, oy);
            maxY = std::max(maxY, oy);
        }
    }
    dstW = std::max(1, (int)std::ceil(maxX - minX));
    dstH = std::max(1, (int)std::ceil(maxY - minY));
    dstCx = dstW * 0.5f;
    dstCy = dstH * 0.5f;
}
 
struct PixelBuffer {
    int w = 0;
    int h = 0;
    std::vector<Colorf> px;
 
    Colorf get(int x, int y) const { return px[(size_t)y * (size_t)w + (size_t)x]; }
    void set(int x, int y, const Colorf &c) { px[(size_t)y * (size_t)w + (size_t)x] = c; }
    bool inside(int x, int y) const { return x >= 0 && y >= 0 && x < w && y < h; }
};
 
PixelBuffer bufferFromImage(const ImageData *img) {
    PixelBuffer b;
    b.w = img->getWidth();
    b.h = img->getHeight();
    b.px.resize((size_t)b.w * (size_t)b.h);
    for (int y = 0; y < b.h; ++y)
        for (int x = 0; x < b.w; ++x)
            b.set(x, y, img->getPixel(x, y));
    return b;
}
 
ImageData *imageFromBuffer(const PixelBuffer &b, const std::string &format) {
    ImageData *dst = new ImageData(b.w, b.h, format);
    for (int y = 0; y < b.h; ++y)
        for (int x = 0; x < b.w; ++x) {
            const Colorf &c = b.get(x, y);
            if (c.a != 0.f || c.r != 0.f || c.g != 0.f || c.b != 0.f)
                dst->setPixel(x, y, c);
        }
    return dst;
}
 
void scale2xBlock(Colorf center, Colorf up, Colorf left, Colorf down, Colorf right, Colorf &a,
                  Colorf &b, Colorf &c, Colorf &d) {
    // Classic Scale2x / EPX rules, with RotSprite-style similarity.
    a = (colorSimilar(left, up) && !colorSimilar(left, down) && !colorSimilar(up, right)) ? up
                                                                                         : center;
    b = (colorSimilar(up, right) && !colorSimilar(up, left) && !colorSimilar(right, down)) ? right
                                                                                          : center;
    c = (colorSimilar(down, left) && !colorSimilar(down, right) && !colorSimilar(left, up)) ? left
                                                                                           : center;
    d = (colorSimilar(right, down) && !colorSimilar(right, up) && !colorSimilar(down, left))
            ? down
            : center;
}
 
PixelBuffer scale2x(const PixelBuffer &src) {
    PixelBuffer dst;
    dst.w = src.w * 2;
    dst.h = src.h * 2;
    dst.px.assign((size_t)dst.w * (size_t)dst.h, Colorf{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f});
 
    auto at = [&](int x, int y) -> Colorf {
        x = std::clamp(x, 0, src.w - 1);
        y = std::clamp(y, 0, src.h - 1);
        return src.get(x, y);
    };
 
    for (int y = 0; y < src.h; ++y) {
        for (int x = 0; x < src.w; ++x) {
            const Colorf E = at(x, y);
            const Colorf B = at(x, y - 1);
            const Colorf D = at(x - 1, y);
            const Colorf H = at(x, y + 1);
            const Colorf F = at(x + 1, y);
            Colorf p00, p10, p01, p11;
            scale2xBlock(E, B, D, H, F, p00, p10, p01, p11);
            const int dx = x * 2;
            const int dy = y * 2;
            dst.set(dx, dy, p00);
            dst.set(dx + 1, dy, p10);
            dst.set(dx, dy + 1, p01);
            dst.set(dx + 1, dy + 1, p11);
        }
    }
    return dst;
}
 
PixelBuffer upscaleRotSprite(const PixelBuffer &src) {
    // 2× → 4× → 8×
    PixelBuffer s2 = scale2x(src);
    PixelBuffer s4 = scale2x(s2);
    return scale2x(s4);
}
 
void findBestOffset(const PixelBuffer &hi, float radians, int scale, int &bestOx, int &bestOy) {
    const float c = std::cos(radians);
    const float s = std::sin(radians);
    const float srcCx = hi.w * 0.5f;
    const float srcCy = hi.h * 0.5f;
 
    int outW = 0, outH = 0;
    float outCx = 0.f, outCy = 0.f;
    // Score on the expanded low-res AABB mapped into hi-res by *scale.
    computeRotatedSize(hi.w / scale, hi.h / scale, c, s, true, outW, outH, outCx, outCy);
 
    bestOx = 0;
    bestOy = 0;
    double bestScore = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
 
    for (int oy = 0; oy < scale; ++oy) {
        for (int ox = 0; ox < scale; ++ox) {
            double score = 0.0;
            for (int yt = 0; yt < outH; ++yt) {
                const float dy = ((float)yt + 0.5f) - outCy;
                for (int xt = 0; xt < outW; ++xt) {
                    const float dx = ((float)xt + 0.5f) - outCx;
                    float relX, relY;
                    inverseRotatePoint(dx * (float)scale, dy * (float)scale, c, s, relX, relY);
                    const int sx = (int)std::floor(relX + srcCx + (float)ox);
                    const int sy = (int)std::floor(relY + srcCy + (float)oy);
                    if (!hi.inside(sx, sy))
                        continue;
                    const Colorf p = hi.get(sx, sy);
                    if (hi.inside(sx + 1, sy))
                        score += (double)colorDistSq(p, hi.get(sx + 1, sy));
                    if (hi.inside(sx, sy + 1))
                        score += (double)colorDistSq(p, hi.get(sx, sy + 1));
                }
            }
            if (score < bestScore) {
                bestScore = score;
                bestOx = ox;
                bestOy = oy;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
PixelBuffer rotateExact90(const PixelBuffer &src, int turnsClockwise) {
    turnsClockwise = ((turnsClockwise % 4) + 4) % 4;
    if (turnsClockwise == 0)
        return src;
    PixelBuffer cur = src;
    for (int t = 0; t < turnsClockwise; ++t) {
        PixelBuffer next;
        next.w = cur.h;
        next.h = cur.w;
        next.px.resize((size_t)next.w * (size_t)next.h);
        for (int y = 0; y < cur.h; ++y)
            for (int x = 0; x < cur.w; ++x)
                next.set(cur.h - 1 - y, x, cur.get(x, y));
        cur = std::move(next);
    }
    return cur;
}
 
void restoreSinglePixelDetails(PixelBuffer &dst, const PixelBuffer &orig, float radians) {
    const float c = std::cos(radians);
    const float s = std::sin(radians);
    const float srcCx = orig.w * 0.5f;
    const float srcCy = orig.h * 0.5f;
    const float dstCx = dst.w * 0.5f;
    const float dstCy = dst.h * 0.5f;
 
    PixelBuffer copy = dst;
    for (int y = 0; y < dst.h; ++y) {
        for (int x = 0; x < dst.w; ++x) {
            const Colorf p = copy.get(x, y);
            int same = 0;
            const int nxs[4] = {x - 1, x + 1, x, x};
            const int nys[4] = {y, y, y - 1, y + 1};
            for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                if (!copy.inside(nxs[i], nys[i]))
                    continue;
                if (colorExact(copy.get(nxs[i], nys[i]), p))
                    ++same;
            }
            if (same < 3)
                continue;
 
            const float dx = ((float)x + 0.5f) - dstCx;
            const float dy = ((float)y + 0.5f) - dstCy;
            float relX, relY;
            inverseRotatePoint(dx, dy, c, s, relX, relY);
            const int sx = (int)std::floor(relX + srcCx);
            const int sy = (int)std::floor(relY + srcCy);
            if (!orig.inside(sx, sy))
                continue;
            const Colorf srcPix = orig.get(sx, sy);
            if (!colorExact(srcPix, p))
                dst.set(x, y, srcPix);
        }
    }
}
 
ImageData *rotateRotSprite(const ImageData *src, float radians, bool expand) {
    PixelBuffer orig = bufferFromImage(src);
 
    // Normalize angle to [0, 2π).
    const float twoPi = 6.28318530717958647692f;
    float ang = std::fmod(radians, twoPi);
    if (ang < 0.f)
        ang += twoPi;
 
    // Exact quarter turns: no upscale needed.
    const float halfPi = 1.57079632679489661923f;
    const float pi = 3.14159265358979323846f;
    const float eps = 1e-4f;
    auto nearMul = [&](float target) {
        return std::fabs(ang - target) < eps || std::fabs(ang - target - twoPi) < eps;
    };
    if (nearMul(0.f)) {
        if (!expand)
            return src->clone();
        return imageFromBuffer(orig, src->getFormat());
    }
    if (nearMul(halfPi) || nearMul(pi) || nearMul(halfPi * 3.f)) {
        int turns = 1;
        if (nearMul(pi))
            turns = 2;
        else if (nearMul(halfPi * 3.f))
            turns = 3;
        PixelBuffer rotated = rotateExact90(orig, turns);
        if (!expand) {
            // Center the exact rotation into the original canvas.
            PixelBuffer canvas;
            canvas.w = orig.w;
            canvas.h = orig.h;
            canvas.px.assign((size_t)canvas.w * (size_t)canvas.h, Colorf{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f});
            const int ox = (canvas.w - rotated.w) / 2;
            const int oy = (canvas.h - rotated.h) / 2;
            for (int y = 0; y < rotated.h; ++y)
                for (int x = 0; x < rotated.w; ++x) {
                    const int dx = x + ox;
                    const int dy = y + oy;
                    if (canvas.inside(dx, dy))
                        canvas.set(dx, dy, rotated.get(x, y));
                }
            return imageFromBuffer(canvas, src->getFormat());
        }
        return imageFromBuffer(rotated, src->getFormat());
    }
 
    constexpr int kScale = 8;
    PixelBuffer hi = upscaleRotSprite(orig);
 
    int bestOx = 0, bestOy = 0;
    findBestOffset(hi, ang, kScale, bestOx, bestOy);
 
    const float c = std::cos(ang);
    const float s = std::sin(ang);
    int dstW = 0, dstH = 0;
    float dstCx = 0.f, dstCy = 0.f;
    computeRotatedSize(orig.w, orig.h, c, s, expand, dstW, dstH, dstCx, dstCy);
 
    const float hiCx = hi.w * 0.5f;
    const float hiCy = hi.h * 0.5f;
 
    PixelBuffer out;
    out.w = dstW;
    out.h = dstH;
    out.px.assign((size_t)out.w * (size_t)out.h, Colorf{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f});
 
    for (int yt = 0; yt < dstH; ++yt) {
        const float dy = ((float)yt + 0.5f) - dstCy;
        for (int xt = 0; xt < dstW; ++xt) {
            const float dx = ((float)xt + 0.5f) - dstCx;
            float relX, relY;
            inverseRotatePoint(dx * (float)kScale, dy * (float)kScale, c, s, relX, relY);
            const int sx = (int)std::floor(relX + hiCx + (float)bestOx);
            const int sy = (int)std::floor(relY + hiCy + (float)bestOy);
            if (hi.inside(sx, sy))
                out.set(xt, yt, hi.get(sx, sy));
        }
    }
 
    restoreSinglePixelDetails(out, orig, ang);
    return imageFromBuffer(out, src->getFormat());
}
 
} // namespace
 
ImageData *ImageData::rotate(float radians, std::string filter, bool expand) const {
    if (pixelGetFunction == nullptr || pixelSetFunction == nullptr)
        throw eve::Exception("Unhandled pixel format %s in ImageData::rotate", format.c_str());
 
    const RotateFilter mode = parseRotateFilter(filter);
    if (mode == RotateFilter::RotSprite)
        return rotateRotSprite(this, radians, expand);
 
    const float srcW = (float)width;
    const float srcH = (float)height;
    const float srcCx = srcW * 0.5f;
    const float srcCy = srcH * 0.5f;
 
    const float c = std::cos(radians);
    const float s = std::sin(radians);
 
    int dstW = width;
    int dstH = height;
    float dstCx = srcCx;
    float dstCy = srcCy;
    computeRotatedSize(width, height, c, s, expand, dstW, dstH, dstCx, dstCy);
 
    ImageData *dst = nullptr;
    try {
        dst = new ImageData(dstW, dstH, format);
    } catch (std::bad_alloc &) {
        throw eve::Exception("Out of memory");
    }
 
    // Near-identity: copy when angle is ~0 and canvas unchanged.
    if (!expand && std::fabs(radians) < 1e-7f) {
        std::memcpy(dst->getData(), data, getSize());
        return dst;
    }
 
    for (int yt = 0; yt < dstH; ++yt) {
        const float dy = ((float)yt + 0.5f) - dstCy;
        for (int xt = 0; xt < dstW; ++xt) {
            const float dx = ((float)xt + 0.5f) - dstCx;
            float relX, relY;
            inverseRotatePoint(dx, dy, c, s, relX, relY);
            const float sx = relX + srcCx - 0.5f;
            const float sy = relY + srcCy - 0.5f;
 
            Colorf color;
            if (mode == RotateFilter::Nearest)
                color = sampleNearest(this, sx, sy);
            else
                color = sampleBilinear(this, sx, sy);
 
            if (color.a != 0.f || color.r != 0.f || color.g != 0.f || color.b != 0.f)
                dst->setPixel(xt, yt, color);
        }
    }
 
    return dst;
}
 
union Row {
    uint8_t   *u8;
    uint16_t  *u16;
    float16 *f16;
    float   *f32;
};
 
static void pasteRGBA8toRGBA16(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.u16[i] = (uint16_t)src.u8[i] << 8u;
}
 
static void pasteRGBA8toRGBA16F(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.f16[i] = float32to16(src.u8[i] / 255.0f);
}
 
static void pasteRGBA8toRGBA32F(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.f32[i] = src.u8[i] / 255.0f;
}
 
static void pasteRGBA16toRGBA8(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.u8[i] = src.u16[i] >> 8u;
}
 
static void pasteRGBA16toRGBA16F(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.f16[i] = float32to16(src.u16[i] / 65535.0f);
}
 
static void pasteRGBA16toRGBA32F(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.f32[i] = src.u16[i] / 65535.0f;
}
 
static void pasteRGBA16FtoRGBA8(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.u8[i] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(float16to32(src.f16[i])) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void pasteRGBA16FtoRGBA16(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.u16[i] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(float16to32(src.f16[i])) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void pasteRGBA16FtoRGBA32F(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.f32[i] = float16to32(src.f16[i]);
}
 
static void pasteRGBA32FtoRGBA8(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.u8[i] = (uint8_t)(clamp01(src.f32[i]) * 255.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void pasteRGBA32FtoRGBA16(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.u16[i] = (uint16_t)(clamp01(src.f32[i]) * 65535.0f + 0.5f);
}
 
static void pasteRGBA32FtoRGBA16F(Row src, Row dst, int w) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w * 4; i++) dst.f16[i] = float32to16(src.f32[i]);
}
 
void ImageData::paste(ImageData *src, int dx, int dy, int sx, int sy, int sw, int sh) {
    EV_PARAM_CHECK(src != nullptr, "source ImageData must not be null");
 
    std::string dstformat = getFormat();
    std::string srcformat = src->getFormat();
 
    int srcW = src->getWidth();
    int srcH = src->getHeight();
    int dstW = getWidth();
    int dstH = getHeight();
 
    size_t srcpixelsize = src->getPixelSize();
    size_t dstpixelsize = getPixelSize();
 
    // Check bounds; if the data ends up completely out of bounds, get out early.
    if (sx >= srcW || sx + sw < 0 || sy >= srcH || sy + sh < 0 || dx >= dstW || dx + sw < 0 || dy >= dstH ||
        dy + sh < 0)
        return;
 
    // Normalize values to the inside of both images.
    if (dx < 0) {
        sw += dx;
        sx -= dx;
        dx = 0;
    }
    if (dy < 0) {
        sh += dy;
        sy -= dy;
        dy = 0;
    }
    if (sx < 0) {
        sw += sx;
        dx -= sx;
        sx = 0;
    }
    if (sy < 0) {
        sh += sy;
        dy -= sy;
        sy = 0;
    }
 
    if (dx + sw > dstW) sw = dstW - dx;
 
    if (dy + sh > dstH) sh = dstH - dy;
 
    if (sx + sw > srcW) sw = srcW - sx;
 
    if (sy + sh > srcH) sh = srcH - sy;
 
    uint8_t *s = (uint8_t *)src->getData();
    uint8_t *d = (uint8_t *)getData();
 
    auto getfunction = src->pixelGetFunction;
    auto setfunction = pixelSetFunction;
 
    // If the dimensions match up, copy the entire memory stream in one go
    if (srcformat == dstformat && (sw == dstW && dstW == srcW && sh == dstH && dstH == srcH)) {
        memcpy(d, s, srcpixelsize * sw * sh);
    } else if (sw > 0) {
        // Otherwise, copy each row individually.
        for (int i = 0; i < sh; i++) {
            Row rowsrc = {s + (sx + (i + sy) * srcW) * srcpixelsize};
            Row rowdst = {d + (dx + (i + dy) * dstW) * dstpixelsize};
 
            if (srcformat == dstformat)
                memcpy(rowdst.u8, rowsrc.u8, srcpixelsize * sw);
 
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA8" && dstformat == "RGBA16")
                pasteRGBA8toRGBA16(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA8" && dstformat == "RGBA16F")
                pasteRGBA8toRGBA16F(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA8" && dstformat == "RGBA32F")
                pasteRGBA8toRGBA32F(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
 
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA16" && dstformat == "RGBA8")
                pasteRGBA16toRGBA8(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA16" && dstformat == "RGBA16F")
                pasteRGBA16toRGBA16F(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA16" && dstformat == "RGBA32F")
                pasteRGBA16toRGBA32F(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
 
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA16F" && dstformat == "RGBA8")
                pasteRGBA16FtoRGBA8(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA16F" && dstformat == "RGBA16")
                pasteRGBA16FtoRGBA16(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA16F" && dstformat == "RGBA32F")
                pasteRGBA16FtoRGBA32F(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
 
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA32F" && dstformat == "RGBA8")
                pasteRGBA32FtoRGBA8(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA32F" && dstformat == "RGBA16")
                pasteRGBA32FtoRGBA16(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
            else if (srcformat == "RGBA32F" && dstformat == "RGBA16F")
                pasteRGBA32FtoRGBA16F(rowsrc, rowdst, sw);
 
            else {
                // Slow path: convert src -> Colorf -> dst.
                Colorf c;
                for (int x = 0; x < sw; x++) {
                    auto srcp = (const Pixel *)(rowsrc.u8 + x * srcpixelsize);
                    auto dstp = (Pixel *)(rowdst.u8 + x * dstpixelsize);
                    getfunction(srcp, c);
                    setfunction(c, dstp);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
 
size_t ImageData::getPixelSize() const { return getPixelFormatSize(getPixelFormatFromName(format)); }
 
bool ImageData::validPixelFormat(std::string format) {
    if (format == "R8") return true;
    if (format == "RG8") return true;
    if (format == "RGBA8") return true;
    if (format == "R16") return true;
    if (format == "RG16") return true;
    if (format == "RGBA16") return true;
    if (format == "R16F") return true;
    if (format == "RG16F") return true;
    if (format == "RGBA16F") return true;
    if (format == "R32F") return true;
    if (format == "RG32F") return true;
    if (format == "RGBA32F") return true;
    if (format == "RGBA4") return true;
    if (format == "RGB5A1") return true;
    if (format == "RGB565") return true;
    if (format == "RGB10A2") return true;
    if (format == "RG11B10F") return true;
    return false;
}
 
bool ImageData::canPaste(std::string src, std::string dst) {
    if (src == dst) return true;
 
    if (!(src == "RGBA8" || src == "RGBA16" || src == "RGBA16F" || src == "RGBA32F")) return false;
 
    if (!(dst == "RGBA8" || dst == "RGBA16" || dst == "RGBA16F" || dst == "RGBA32F")) return false;
 
    return true;
}
 
ImageData::PixelSetFunction ImageData::getPixelSetFunction(std::string format) {
    if (format == "R8") return setPixelR8;
    if (format == "RG8") return setPixelRG8;
    if (format == "RGBA8") return setPixelRGBA8;
    if (format == "R16") return setPixelR16;
    if (format == "RG16") return setPixelRG16;
    if (format == "RGBA16") return setPixelRGBA16;
    if (format == "R16F") return setPixelR16F;
    if (format == "RG16F") return setPixelRG16F;
    if (format == "RGBA16F") return setPixelRGBA16F;
    if (format == "R32F") return setPixelR32F;
    if (format == "RG32F") return setPixelRG32F;
    if (format == "RGBA32F") return setPixelRGBA32F;
    if (format == "RGBA4") return setPixelRGBA4;
    if (format == "RGB5A1") return setPixelRGB5A1;
    if (format == "RGB565") return setPixelRGB565;
    if (format == "RGB10A2") return setPixelRGB10A2;
    if (format == "RG11B10F") return setPixelRG11B10F;
    return nullptr;
}
 
ImageData::PixelGetFunction ImageData::getPixelGetFunction(std::string format) {
    if (format == "R8") return getPixelR8;
    if (format == "RG8") return getPixelRG8;
    if (format == "RGBA8") return getPixelRGBA8;
    if (format == "R16") return getPixelR16;
    if (format == "RG16") return getPixelRG16;
    if (format == "RGBA16") return getPixelRGBA16;
    if (format == "R16F") return getPixelR16F;
    if (format == "RG16F") return getPixelRG16F;
    if (format == "RGBA16F") return getPixelRGBA16F;
    if (format == "R32F") return getPixelR32F;
    if (format == "RG32F") return getPixelRG32F;
    if (format == "RGBA32F") return getPixelRGBA32F;
    if (format == "RGBA4") return getPixelRGBA4;
    if (format == "RGB5A1") return getPixelRGB5A1;
    if (format == "RGB565") return getPixelRGB565;
    if (format == "RGB10A2") return getPixelRGB10A2;
    if (format == "RG11B10F") return getPixelRG11B10F;
    return nullptr;
}
 
}  // namespace image
}  // namespace eve